Cellular / Energy
NAD+
C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂
Key Research Findings
- NAD+ levels decline by ~50% between ages 40 and 60 in multiple tissue types.
- Sirtuin activation via NAD+ regulates lifespan in multiple model organisms.
- Research demonstrates improved mitochondrial function and exercise capacity following NAD+ precursor supplementation.
- PARP-dependent DNA repair requires NAD+ as a substrate, linking it directly to genome stability.
Overview
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme found in all living cells, central to cellular energy metabolism and a wide array of signalling pathways. NAD+ levels decline significantly with age, and supplementation is being actively researched in the context of longevity, metabolic health, and neuroprotection.
Mechanism of Action
NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain, driving mitochondrial ATP production. It is also a critical substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), enzymes that regulate DNA repair, gene expression, inflammation, and cellular stress responses.
Research Effects
Cellular Energy Production
Extensive ResearchFundamental role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is biochemically established; research investigates how supplementation affects energy output.
DNA Repair
Extensive ResearchPARP enzymes consume NAD+ during DNA strand break repair; declining NAD+ with age is directly linked to impaired genome maintenance.
Sirtuin Activation
Extensive ResearchSirtuins require NAD+ as a co-substrate; their activation regulates metabolism, inflammation, and ageing pathways across multiple species.
Cognitive Support
Moderate ResearchResearch suggests neuronal NAD+ levels influence neurotransmitter synthesis, axonal maintenance, and protection against neurodegeneration.
Metabolic Regulation
Moderate ResearchStudies in obese and aged animal models report improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers following NAD+ restoration.
Research Purposes Only — All information on this page is provided for scientific research purposes only. This product is not intended for human consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any disease.
Quick Facts
Research Status Key
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