Cellular / Energy
SS-31
C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
Key Research Findings
- First peptide shown to selectively target the inner mitochondrial membrane via cardiolipin interaction.
- Demonstrated significant reduction in myocardial infarction size in ischaemia-reperfusion animal models.
- Improves mitochondrial morphology and ATP production in aged tissue models.
- Currently in clinical trials for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Overview
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide developed by Hazel Szeto and Peter Schiller. It is designed to concentrate selectively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it interacts with cardiolipin to stabilise the electron transport chain and reduce oxidative stress.
Mechanism of Action
SS-31 binds to cardiolipin — a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane — stabilising its association with cytochrome c. This preserves electron transport chain efficiency, reduces superoxide generation, and protects mitochondrial cristae architecture during metabolic stress.
Research Effects
Mitochondrial Protection
Extensive ResearchMultiple independent studies confirm SS-31 preserves mitochondrial membrane integrity and electron transport chain function during ischaemic and oxidative stress.
Antioxidant
Extensive ResearchReduces mitochondrial ROS generation by stabilising electron flow through the respiratory chain, with consistent findings across cell and animal models.
Cardiac Function
Moderate ResearchAnimal studies and early clinical data show improvements in cardiac output, reduced fibrosis, and better exercise tolerance in heart failure models.
Neuroprotection
Moderate ResearchResearch in neurodegenerative models (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's) shows SS-31 reduces neuronal loss linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Research Purposes Only — All information on this page is provided for scientific research purposes only. This product is not intended for human consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any disease.
Quick Facts
Research Status Key
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